導(dǎo)軌絲杠是由導(dǎo)軌和絲杠兩部分組成的傳動(dòng)裝置。導(dǎo)軌的主要作用是為運(yùn)動(dòng)部件提供精確的導(dǎo)向，保證其沿著特定方向平穩(wěn)移動(dòng)，具有高剛性、高精度、低摩擦等特性。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)形式，導(dǎo)軌可分為直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌、滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌等。直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌通過(guò)滾動(dòng)體在導(dǎo)軌與滑塊之間滾動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)低摩擦運(yùn)動(dòng)，具有運(yùn)動(dòng)靈敏度高、定位精度高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控機(jī)床、自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)等設(shè)備；滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌則依靠導(dǎo)軌與滑塊之間的滑動(dòng)摩擦實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，雖然摩擦阻力相對(duì)較大，但具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、成本低的特點(diǎn)，常用于一些對(duì)精度要求相對(duì)較低的普通機(jī)械設(shè)備。?

A guide screw is a transmission device composed of a guide rail and a lead screw. The main function of a guide rail is to provide precise guidance for moving parts, ensuring their smooth movement in a specific direction, and possessing characteristics such as high rigidity, high precision, and low friction. According to the structural form, guide rails can be divided into linear guide rails, rolling guide rails, sliding guide rails, etc. Linear guides roll between the guide rail and the slider through rolling elements, achieving low friction motion. They have the advantages of high motion sensitivity and high positioning accuracy, and are widely used in CNC machine tools, automated production lines, and other equipment; Sliding guide rail relies on the sliding friction between the guide rail and the slider to achieve motion. Although the frictional resistance is relatively high, it has the characteristics of simple structure and low cost, and is commonly used in some ordinary mechanical equipment with relatively low precision requirements. ?

絲杠的功能是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，或把直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳遞。常見(jiàn)的絲杠類(lèi)型有梯形絲杠、滾珠絲杠等。梯形絲杠通過(guò)梯形螺紋進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)，具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、制造方便的特點(diǎn)，但傳動(dòng)效率相對(duì)較低；滾珠絲杠則在絲杠和螺母之間放入滾珠，將滑動(dòng)摩擦變?yōu)闈L動(dòng)摩擦，大大提高了傳動(dòng)效率和精度，在精密機(jī)床、半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)備等高精度要求的領(lǐng)域占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。?

The function of a screw is to convert rotational motion into linear motion, or convert linear motion into rotational motion, to achieve the transmission of force and motion. Common types of screw include trapezoidal screw, ball screw, etc. The trapezoidal screw is transmitted through trapezoidal threads, which has the characteristics of simple structure and convenient manufacturing, but the transmission efficiency is relatively low; Ball screws insert balls between the screw and nut, transforming sliding friction into rolling friction, greatly improving transmission efficiency and accuracy. They dominate high-precision fields such as precision machine tools and semiconductor manufacturing equipment. ?

為滿(mǎn)足現(xiàn)代工業(yè)對(duì)導(dǎo)軌絲杠高精度、高性能的需求，生產(chǎn)企業(yè)不斷引入制造工藝。在導(dǎo)軌制造方面，磨削加工是關(guān)鍵工藝之一。采用高精度的數(shù)控磨床，通過(guò)精密的磨削工藝，可使導(dǎo)軌表面的粗糙度達(dá)到極低水平，直線(xiàn)度和平行度誤差控制在微米級(jí)。例如，一些高端直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌的直線(xiàn)度誤差每米可控制在 5 微米以?xún)?nèi)，確保運(yùn)動(dòng)部件在導(dǎo)軌上運(yùn)行時(shí)的平穩(wěn)性和高精度。?

In order to meet the high-precision and high-performance requirements of modern industry for guide screws, production enterprises continuously introduce advanced manufacturing processes. Grinding is one of the key processes in the manufacturing of guide rails. By using high-precision CNC grinding machines and precise grinding processes, the roughness of the guide rail surface can be achieved at an extremely low level, and the straightness and parallelism errors can be controlled at the micrometer level. For example, the straightness error of some high-end linear guides can be controlled within 5 microns per meter, ensuring the smoothness and high precision of moving parts when running on the guide. ?

對(duì)于絲杠的制造，滾軋工藝和研磨工藝是提升質(zhì)量的重要手段。滾軋工藝通過(guò)模具對(duì)絲杠坯料進(jìn)行滾壓，使金屬材料在塑性變形過(guò)程中形成螺紋，這種工藝生產(chǎn)效率高，且加工后的絲杠表面金屬纖維連續(xù)，強(qiáng)度和耐磨性更好；研磨工藝則用于對(duì)絲杠進(jìn)行精密加工，通過(guò)研磨工具與絲杠表面的相互研磨，進(jìn)一步提高絲杠的精度和表面質(zhì)量，使?jié)L珠絲杠的導(dǎo)程精度等關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)達(dá)到更高水平。?

Rolling and grinding processes are important means to improve the quality of screw manufacturing. The rolling process uses a mold to roll the lead screw blank, forming threads in the metal material during plastic deformation. This process has high production efficiency, and the metal fibers on the surface of the processed lead screw are continuous, with better strength and wear resistance; The grinding process is used for precision machining of the screw, by mutual grinding between the grinding tool and the surface of the screw, further improving the accuracy and surface quality of the screw, and achieving higher levels of key indicators such as lead accuracy of the ball screw. ?

此外，表面處理技術(shù)也在導(dǎo)軌絲杠制造中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。常見(jiàn)的表面處理方式有淬火、鍍硬鉻、氮化處理等。淬火可提高導(dǎo)軌和絲杠的表面硬度和耐磨性；鍍硬鉻能增強(qiáng)表面的抗腐蝕性和耐磨性，同時(shí)提高表面光潔度；氮化處理則在材料表面形成一層堅(jiān)硬的氮化層，提高其硬度、耐磨性和疲勞強(qiáng)度，延長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)軌絲杠的使用壽命。

In addition, surface treatment technology has also been widely used in the manufacturing of guide screws. Common surface treatment methods include quenching, hard chromium plating, nitriding treatment, etc. Quenching can improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of guide rails and lead screws; Plating hard chromium can enhance the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the surface, while improving the surface smoothness; Nitriding treatment forms a hard nitride layer on the surface of the material, improving its hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength, and extending the service life of the guide screw.

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